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Black Bear Ranch is an 80-acre intentional community located in Siskiyou County, California, about 25 miles from Forks of Salmon. It was founded in 1968,〔Timothy Miller, "The Historical Communal Roots of Ultraconservative Groups", in 〕 with the slogan "free land for free people". It has been considered by some participants and commentators to be one of the more radical examples of communal living/intentional communities that grew out of the counterculture of the 1960s. Before being converted into a commune, it was a ghost town that had been a gold mining settlement in the 1860s. The commune's legal ownership was held by one resident, Richard Marley,〔Black Bear Ranch website, (Black Bear Family Trust Document )〕 until in 1987 it was transferred to the Black Bear Family Trust,〔 which limits development of the property and established trustees to oversee various specified duties. Black Bear Ranch was the subject of the 2005 documentary ''Commune'' by Johnathan Berman. The commune still exists today and continues to follow the basic ideals which motivated its founding. At the Summer Solstice Gathering in 2013, there were over 40 residents, the highest population in decades. It is located in a pocket valley in the Siskiyou Mountains.〔(imdb.com )〕 ==Early life== The motivations behind setting up the commune were, in the words of one of the founders, Richard Marley, to create a:〔 According to the historian Timothy Miller, the community bought the property for $22,500 using money from a variety of sources including from supporters in the entertainment industry, as well as "one large unexpected angelic gift" and the "proceeds from a major LSD deal".〔 The money from the entertainment industry was obtained through what Stephen Holden in the ''New York Times'' describes as "emotional blackmail", quoting Michael Tierra:〔(Just a Hardy Bunch of Settlers Who Left America and Moved to California ), by Stephen Holden. New York Times, Nov. 3, 2006〕 Although they struggled at first due to a lack of planning,〔Malcolm Terence, (Return to Black Bear ), ''The Journal'', Humboldt County California.〕 the community at Black Bear Ranch learned to live self-sufficiently, as the ranch was often snowed in for extended periods during the winter months, and was many hours' drive from the nearest city. The residents managed to gather large quantities of food and medical supplies to see them through the winter and were able to treat a variety of illnesses and medical problems onsite, delivering babies and performing veterinary care. The community homeschooled their children, and maintained tools like chainsaws and cars without a need for mechanics. To raise money to pay for food and supplies, they found work fighting fires in the nearby forests.〔 Members of the commune were key organizers of Ent Forestry, a co-operative which took tree planting and forest rehabilitation contracts with the US Forest Service and Redwoods National Park, and provided income to the commune for several years. Despite their remoteness, the community managed to keep in contact with a variety of radical groups including the Hells Angels and Black Power groups. There was a tension between those with a radical—even paramilitary—persuasion who wanted to pursue weapons training and possibly harbor radical political fugitives and the many pacifists. One of the founders of the commune, interviewed by the University of Kansas' 60s Commune Project and quoted in Miller:〔 Miller also records how "a strong sense of community" including ritual peyote use led to a variety of social experiments being conducted including the abolishing of private property and also the institution of a rule to prevent "coupling," which banned anyone from sleeping with the same partner for more than two consecutive nights,〔 although this had disastrous consequences after a venereal disease spread amongst the community. Despite the ban on coupling (considered "bourgoise decadence"),〔 traditional feelings of resentment came back when they tried to work out who had slept with whom in order to treat the disease:〔 At one point, a group called the Shiva Lila became part of the commune until they were asked to leave by the other members. ''The New York Times'' describes them as a "nomadic cult of acid-taking, baby-worshiping hippies looking for the perfect place to bring up children"〔 and they were led by a man called Gridley Wright.〔James Bowman, (Trying To Remember the Family Band ), New York Sun.〕 Very few rules were ever adopted by the community as Malcolm Terence notes: "Anarchists are good at lots of things but making rules isn’t one of them."〔 After a hepatitis epidemic, they banned sitting on the kitchen counter, and they also banned turning the handle on the cream separator "because it used to drive people crazy when people would sit in the kitchen and play with the handle on the cream separator".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black Bear Ranch」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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